source:
  type: regulation
  id: va-38usc-3732
  authority: 38 U.S.C. §3732 — Procedure on default
  description: '38 U.S.C. §3732 governs the VA-guaranteed-loan default-procedure

    framework: holder notice of default to the Secretary; partial-claim

    and forbearance authority; VA "loss-mit-sequence" requirement (new

    subsec. (d) added by Pub. L. 119-31, July 30, 2025); information &

    counseling duties on receipt of default notice; partial-payment

    refusal-notification; pre-liquidation-sale notice to the Secretary

    with net-value determination; and the claim-liability calculation

    framework (net value vs. total indebtedness; conveyance option;

    refusal-of-partial-payment notice).

    '
obligations:
- id: va-38usc-3732-a
  canonical_id: va-38usc-3732-a
  section: 38 U.S.C. §3732(a)
  description: '(a): (a) (1) In the event of default in the payment of any loan guaranteed under this
    chapter, the holder of the loan shall notify the Secretary of such default. Upon receipt of such notice,
    the Secretary may, subject to subsection (c) of this section, pay to such holder the guaranty not
    in excess of the…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 38 U.S.C. §3732(a)(1)
    source_class: va-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/38/3732
    snapshot_id: 6bfcd3949c1c50a5
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:34:36Z'
    content_hash: sha256:1e3012b1f2c74b22fde01214b5b1fb7f3b5b3112973a90b41753743727b3dfef
    paragraph_quote: (a) (1) In the event of default in the payment of any loan guaranteed under this
      chapter, the holder of the loan shall notify the Secretary of such default. Upon receipt of such
      notice, the Secretary may, subject to subsection (c) of this section, pay to such holder the guaranty
      not in excess of the pro rata portion of the amount originally guaranteed. Except as provided in
      section 3703(e) of this title , if the Secretary makes such a payment, the Secretary shall be subrogated
      to the rights of the holder of the loan to the extent of the amount paid on the guaranty. (2) (A)
      The Secretary may, under terms and conditions determined by the Secretary—
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 38 U.S.C. §3732 from Cornell LII snapshot 6bfcd3949c1c50a5;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: va-38usc-3732-i
  canonical_id: va-38usc-3732-i
  section: 38 U.S.C. §3732(i)
  description: '(i): (i) pay the holder of a loan guaranteed under this chapter an amount necessary to
    avoid the foreclosure of such loan; (ii) require the holder of the loan and the veteran obligated
    on the loan to execute all documents necessary to ensure the Secretary obtains a secured interest
    in the property covere…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 38 U.S.C. §3732(a)(1)
    source_class: va-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/38/3732
    snapshot_id: 6bfcd3949c1c50a5
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:34:36Z'
    content_hash: sha256:1e3012b1f2c74b22fde01214b5b1fb7f3b5b3112973a90b41753743727b3dfef
    paragraph_quote: (i) pay the holder of a loan guaranteed under this chapter an amount necessary to
      avoid the foreclosure of such loan; (ii) require the holder of the loan and the veteran obligated
      on the loan to execute all documents necessary to ensure the Secretary obtains a secured interest
      in the property covered by the loan; and (iii) require the holder of the loan to take any actions
      necessary to carry out this paragraph, including preparing, executing, transmitting, receiving,
      and recording documents, and requiring the holder of the loan to place the loan in forbearance.
      (B) In the event that a housing loan guaranteed under this chapter is modified under the authority
      provided under section 1322(b) of title 11 , the Secretary may pay the holder of the housing loan
      the unpaid principal balance of the housing loan due, plus accrued interest, as of the date of the
      filing of the petition under title 11, but only upon the assignment, transfer, and delivery to the
      Secretary (in a form and manner satisfactory to the Secretary) of all rights, interest, claims,
      evidence, and records with respect to the housing loan. (C)
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 38 U.S.C. §3732 from Cornell LII snapshot 6bfcd3949c1c50a5;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: va-38usc-3732-i
  canonical_id: va-38usc-3732-i
  section: 38 U.S.C. §3732(i)
  description: '(i): (i) Any decision by the Secretary under this paragraph is final and is not subject
    to judicial review. (ii) For purposes of section 511 of this title , any decision under this paragraph
    shall not be treated as a decision under a law that affects the provision of benefits. (D)'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 38 U.S.C. §3732(a)(1)
    source_class: va-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/38/3732
    snapshot_id: 6bfcd3949c1c50a5
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:34:36Z'
    content_hash: sha256:1e3012b1f2c74b22fde01214b5b1fb7f3b5b3112973a90b41753743727b3dfef
    paragraph_quote: (i) Any decision by the Secretary under this paragraph is final and is not subject
      to judicial review. (ii) For purposes of section 511 of this title , any decision under this paragraph
      shall not be treated as a decision under a law that affects the provision of benefits. (D)
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 38 U.S.C. §3732 from Cornell LII snapshot 6bfcd3949c1c50a5;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: va-38usc-3732-i
  canonical_id: va-38usc-3732-i
  section: 38 U.S.C. §3732(i)
  description: '(i): (i) The Secretary may establish standards for processing payments under this paragraph
    based on a certification by a holder of a loan guaranteed under this chapter that the holder has complied
    with all applicable requirements established by the Secretary. (ii) The Secretary shall carry out,
    on a ran…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 38 U.S.C. §3732(a)(1)
    source_class: va-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/38/3732
    snapshot_id: 6bfcd3949c1c50a5
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:34:36Z'
    content_hash: sha256:1e3012b1f2c74b22fde01214b5b1fb7f3b5b3112973a90b41753743727b3dfef
    paragraph_quote: (i) The Secretary may establish standards for processing payments under this paragraph
      based on a certification by a holder of a loan guaranteed under this chapter that the holder has
      complied with all applicable requirements established by the Secretary. (ii) The Secretary shall
      carry out, on a random-sampling basis, post-payment audits to ensure compliance with all requirements
      described in clause (i). (3) The Secretary may establish the date, not later than the date of judgment
      and decree of foreclosure or sale, upon which accrual of interest or charges shall cease. (4) (A)
      Upon receiving a notice pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Secretary shall—
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 38 U.S.C. §3732 from Cornell LII snapshot 6bfcd3949c1c50a5;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: va-38usc-3732-i
  canonical_id: va-38usc-3732-i
  section: 38 U.S.C. §3732(i)
  description: '(i): (i) provide the veteran with information and, to the extent feasible, counseling
    regarding— (I) alternatives to foreclosure, as appropriate in light of the veteran ’s particular circumstances,
    including possible methods of curing the default, conveyance of the property to the Secretary by means
    of a…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 38 U.S.C. §3732(a)(1)
    source_class: va-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/38/3732
    snapshot_id: 6bfcd3949c1c50a5
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:34:36Z'
    content_hash: sha256:1e3012b1f2c74b22fde01214b5b1fb7f3b5b3112973a90b41753743727b3dfef
    paragraph_quote: (i) provide the veteran with information and, to the extent feasible, counseling
      regarding— (I) alternatives to foreclosure, as appropriate in light of the veteran ’s particular
      circumstances, including possible methods of curing the default, conveyance of the property to the
      Secretary by means of a deed in lieu of foreclosure, and the actions authorized by paragraph (2)
      of this subsection; and (II) what the Department of Veterans Affairs ’ and the veteran’ s liabilities
      would be with respect to the loan in the event of foreclosure; and (ii) advise the veteran regarding
      the availability of such counseling; except with respect to loans made by a lender which the Secretary
      has determined has a demonstrated record of consistently providing timely and accurate information
      to veterans with respect to such matters. (B) The Secretary shall, to the extent of the availability
      of appropriations, ensure that sufficient personnel are available to administer subparagraph (A)
      of this paragraph effectively and efficiently. (5) In the event of default in the payment of any
      loan guaranteed or insured under this chapter in which a partial payment has been tendered by the
      veteran concerned and refused by the holder, the holder of the loan shall notify the Secretary as
      soon as such payment has been refused. The Secretary may require that any such notification include
      a statement of the circumstances of the default, the amount tendered, the amount of the indebtedness
      on the date of the tender, and the reasons for the holder’s refusal.
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 38 U.S.C. §3732 from Cornell LII snapshot 6bfcd3949c1c50a5;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: va-38usc-3732-b
  canonical_id: va-38usc-3732-b
  section: 38 U.S.C. §3732(b)
  description: '(b): (b) With respect to any loan made under section 3711 which has not been sold as provided
    in subsection (g) of such section, if the Secretary finds, after there has been a default in the payment
    of any installment of principal or interest owing on such loan, that the default was due to the fact
    that …'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 38 U.S.C. §3732(a)(1)
    source_class: va-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/38/3732
    snapshot_id: 6bfcd3949c1c50a5
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:34:36Z'
    content_hash: sha256:1e3012b1f2c74b22fde01214b5b1fb7f3b5b3112973a90b41753743727b3dfef
    paragraph_quote: (b) With respect to any loan made under section 3711 which has not been sold as provided
      in subsection (g) of such section, if the Secretary finds, after there has been a default in the
      payment of any installment of principal or interest owing on such loan, that the default was due
      to the fact that the veteran who is obligated under the loan has become unemployed as the result
      of the closing (in whole or in part) of a Federal installation, the Secretary shall (1) extend the
      time for curing the default to such time as the Secretary determines is necessary and desirable
      to enable such veteran to complete payments on such loan, including an extension of time beyond
      the stated maturity thereof, or (2) modify the terms of such loan for the purpose of changing the
      amortization provisions thereof by recasting, over the remaining term of the loan, or over such
      longer period as the Secretary may determine, the total unpaid amount then due with the modification
      to become effective currently or upon the termination of an agreed-upon extension of the period
      for curing the default.
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 38 U.S.C. §3732 from Cornell LII snapshot 6bfcd3949c1c50a5;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: va-38usc-3732-c
  canonical_id: va-38usc-3732-c
  section: 38 U.S.C. §3732(c)
  description: '(c): (c) (1) For purposes of this subsection: (A) The term “ defaulted loan ” means a
    loan that is guaranteed under this chapter, that was made for a purpose described in section 3710(a)
    of this title , and that is in default. (B) The term “ liquidation sale ” means a judicial sale or
    other disposition o…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 38 U.S.C. §3732(a)(1)
    source_class: va-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/38/3732
    snapshot_id: 6bfcd3949c1c50a5
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:34:36Z'
    content_hash: sha256:1e3012b1f2c74b22fde01214b5b1fb7f3b5b3112973a90b41753743727b3dfef
    paragraph_quote: '(c) (1) For purposes of this subsection: (A) The term “ defaulted loan ” means a
      loan that is guaranteed under this chapter, that was made for a purpose described in section 3710(a)
      of this title , and that is in default. (B) The term “ liquidation sale ” means a judicial sale
      or other disposition of real property to liquidate a defaulted loan that is secured by such property.
      (C) The term “ net value ”, with respect to real property, means the amount equal to (i) the fair
      market value of the property, minus (ii) the total of the amounts which the Secretary estimates
      the Secretary would incur (if the Secretary were to acquire and dispose of the property) for property
      taxes, assessments, liens, property maintenance, property improvement, administration, resale (including
      losses sustained on the resale of the property), and other costs resulting from the acquisition
      and disposition of the property, excluding any amount attributed to the cost to the Government of
      borrowing funds. (D) Except as provided in subparagraph (D) of paragraph (10) of this subsection,
      the term “ total indebtedness ”, with respect to a defaulted loan, means the amount equal to the
      total of (i) the unpaid principal of the loan, (ii) the interest on the loan as of the date applicable
      under paragraph (10) of this subsection, and (iii) such reasonably necessary and proper charges
      (as specified in the loan instrument and permitted by regulations prescribed by the Secretary to
      implement this subsection) associated with liquidation of the loan, including advances for taxes,
      insurance, and maintenance or repair of the real property securing the loan. (2) (A) Except as provided
      in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, this subsection applies to any case in which the holder of
      a defaulted loan undertakes to liquidate the loan by means of a liquidation sale . (B) This subsection
      does not apply to a case in which the Secretary proceeds under subsection (a)(2) of this section.
      (3) (A) Before carrying out a liquidation sale of real property securing a defaulted loan, the holder
      of the loan shall notify the Secretary of the proposed sale. Such notice shall be provided in accordance
      with regulations prescribed by the Secretary to implement this subsection. (B) After receiving a
      notice described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, the Secretary shall determine the net value
      of the property securing the loan and the amount of the total indebtedness under the loan and shall
      notify the holder of the loan of the determination of such net value. (4) A case referred to in
      paragraphs (5), (6), and (7) of this subsection as being described in this paragraph is a case in
      which the net value of the property securing a defaulted loan exceeds the amount of the total indebtedness
      under the loan minus the amount guaranteed under this chapter. (5) In a case described in paragraph
      (4) of this subsection, if the holder of the defaulted loan acquires the property securing the loan
      at a liquidation sale for an amount that does not exceed the lesser of the net value of the property
      or the total indebtedness under the loan— (A) the holder shall have the option to convey the property
      to the United States in return for payment by the Secretary of an amount equal to the lesser of
      such net value or total indebtedness ; and (B) the liability of the United States under the loan
      guaranty under this chapter shall be limited to the amount of such total indebtedness minus the
      net value of the property. (6) In a case described in paragraph (4) of this subsection, if the holder
      of the defaulted loan does not acquire the property securing the loan at the liquidation sale ,
      the liability of the United States under the loan guaranty under this chapter shall be limited to
      the amount equal to (A) the amount of such total indebtedness , minus (B) the amount realized by
      the holder incident to the sale or the net value of the property, whichever is greater. (7) In a
      case described in paragraph (4) of this subsection, if the holder of the defaulted loan acquires
      the property securing the loan at the liquidation sale for an amount that exceeds the lesser of
      the total indebtedness under the loan or the net value and— (A)'
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 38 U.S.C. §3732 from Cornell LII snapshot 6bfcd3949c1c50a5;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: va-38usc-3732-i
  canonical_id: va-38usc-3732-i
  section: 38 U.S.C. §3732(i)
  description: '(i): (i) the amount was the minimum amount for which, under applicable State law, the
    property was permitted to be sold at the liquidation sale , the holder shall have the option to convey
    the property to the United States in return for payment by the Secretary of an amount equal to the
    lesser of the amo…'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 38 U.S.C. §3732(a)(1)
    source_class: va-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/38/3732
    snapshot_id: 6bfcd3949c1c50a5
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:34:36Z'
    content_hash: sha256:1e3012b1f2c74b22fde01214b5b1fb7f3b5b3112973a90b41753743727b3dfef
    paragraph_quote: (i) the amount was the minimum amount for which, under applicable State law, the
      property was permitted to be sold at the liquidation sale , the holder shall have the option to
      convey the property to the United States in return for payment by the Secretary of an amount equal
      to the lesser of the amount for which the holder acquired the property or the total indebtedness
      under the loan; or (ii) there was no minimum amount for which the property had to be sold at the
      liquidation sale under applicable State law, the holder shall have the option to convey the property
      to the United States in return for payment by the Secretary of an amount equal to the lesser of
      such net value or total indebtedness ; and (B) the liability of the United States under the loan
      guaranty under this chapter is as provided in paragraph (6) of this subsection. (8) If the net value
      of the property securing a defaulted loan is not greater than the amount of the total indebtedness
      under the loan minus the amount guaranteed under this chapter— (A) the Secretary may not accept
      conveyance of the property from the holder of the loan; and (B) the liability of the United States
      under the loan guaranty shall be limited to the amount of the total indebtedness under the loan
      minus the amount realized by the holder of the loan incident to the sale at a liquidation sale of
      the property. (9) In no event may the liability of the United States under a guaranteed loan exceed
      the amount guaranteed with respect to that loan under section 3703(b) of this title . All determinations
      under this subsection of net value and total indebtedness shall be made by the Secretary. (10) (A)
      Except as provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C) of this paragraph, the date referred to in paragraph
      (1)(D)(ii) of this subsection shall be the date of the liquidation sale of the property securing
      the loan (or such earlier date following the expiration of a reasonable period of time for such
      sale to occur as the Secretary may specify pursuant to regulations prescribed by the Secretary to
      implement this subsection). (B)
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 38 U.S.C. §3732 from Cornell LII snapshot 6bfcd3949c1c50a5;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: va-38usc-3732-i
  canonical_id: va-38usc-3732-i
  section: 38 U.S.C. §3732(i)
  description: '(i): (i) Subject to division (ii) of this subparagraph, in any case in which there is
    a substantial delay in such sale caused by the holder of the loan exercising forbearance at the request
    of the Secretary, the date referred to in paragraph (1)(D)(ii) of this subsection shall be such date,
    on or after t…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 38 U.S.C. §3732(a)(1)
    source_class: va-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/38/3732
    snapshot_id: 6bfcd3949c1c50a5
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:34:36Z'
    content_hash: sha256:1e3012b1f2c74b22fde01214b5b1fb7f3b5b3112973a90b41753743727b3dfef
    paragraph_quote: (i) Subject to division (ii) of this subparagraph, in any case in which there is
      a substantial delay in such sale caused by the holder of the loan exercising forbearance at the
      request of the Secretary, the date referred to in paragraph (1)(D)(ii) of this subsection shall
      be such date, on or after the date on which forbearance was requested and prior to the date of such
      sale, as the Secretary specifies pursuant to regulations which the Secretary shall prescribe to
      implement this paragraph. (ii) The Secretary may specify a date under subdivision (i) of this subparagraph
      only if, based on the use of a date so specified for the purposes of such paragraph (1)(D)(ii),
      the Secretary is authorized, under paragraph (5)(A) or (7)(A) of this subsection, to accept conveyance
      of the property. (C) In any case in which there is an excessive delay in such liquidation sale caused—
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 38 U.S.C. §3732 from Cornell LII snapshot 6bfcd3949c1c50a5;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: va-38usc-3732-i
  canonical_id: va-38usc-3732-i
  section: 38 U.S.C. §3732(i)
  description: '(i): (i) by the Department of Veterans Affairs (including any delay caused by its failure
    to provide bidding instructions in a timely fashion); or (ii) by a voluntary case commenced under
    title 11, United States Code (relating to bankruptcy); the date referred to in paragraph (1)(D)(ii)
    of this subsectio…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 38 U.S.C. §3732(a)(1)
    source_class: va-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/38/3732
    snapshot_id: 6bfcd3949c1c50a5
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:34:36Z'
    content_hash: sha256:1e3012b1f2c74b22fde01214b5b1fb7f3b5b3112973a90b41753743727b3dfef
    paragraph_quote: (i) by the Department of Veterans Affairs (including any delay caused by its failure
      to provide bidding instructions in a timely fashion); or (ii) by a voluntary case commenced under
      title 11, United States Code (relating to bankruptcy); the date referred to in paragraph (1)(D)(ii)
      of this subsection shall be a date, earlier than the date of such liquidation sale , which the Secretary
      specifies pursuant to regulations which the Secretary shall prescribe to implement this paragraph.
      (D) For the purpose of determining the liability of the United States under a loan guaranty under
      paragraphs (5)(B), (6), (7)(B), and (8)(B), the amount of the total indebtedness with respect to
      such loan guaranty shall include, in any case in which there was an excessive delay caused by the
      Department of Veterans Affairs in the liquidation sale of the property securing such loan, any interest
      which had accrued as of the date of such sale and which would not be included, except for this subparagraph,
      in the calculation of such total indebtedness as a result of the specification of an earlier date
      under subparagraph (C)(i) of this paragraph.
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 38 U.S.C. §3732 from Cornell LII snapshot 6bfcd3949c1c50a5;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: va-38usc-3732-d
  canonical_id: va-38usc-3732-d
  section: 38 U.S.C. §3732(d)
  description: '(d): (d) The Secretary shall prescribe loss mitigation procedures, including a mandatory
    sequence in which the holder of a loan guaranteed under this chapter shall offer loss mitigation options
    (including an option to enter into a partial claim agreement under the VA Home Loan Program Reform
    Act) to a ve…'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 38 U.S.C. §3732(a)(1)
    source_class: va-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/38/3732
    snapshot_id: 6bfcd3949c1c50a5
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:34:36Z'
    content_hash: sha256:1e3012b1f2c74b22fde01214b5b1fb7f3b5b3112973a90b41753743727b3dfef
    paragraph_quote: (d) The Secretary shall prescribe loss mitigation procedures, including a mandatory
      sequence in which the holder of a loan guaranteed under this chapter shall offer loss mitigation
      options (including an option to enter into a partial claim agreement under the VA Home Loan Program
      Reform Act) to a veteran , to help prevent the foreclosure of such loan. The Secretary may not purchase
      an entire such loan until the veteran has completed such sequence. ( Pub. L. 85–857 , Sept. 2, 1958
      , 72 Stat. 1212 , § 1816(a)–(c); Pub. L. 89–117, title I, § 107(f) , Aug. 10, 1965 , 79 Stat. 460
      ; Pub. L. 94–324, § 7(17) , June 30, 1976 , 90 Stat. 722 ; Pub. L. 98–369, div. B, title V, § 2512(a)
      , July 18, 1984 , 98 Stat. 1117 ; Pub. L. 100–198 , §§ 4(a), 5(a), Dec. 21, 1987 , 101 Stat. 1316
      ; renumbered § 1832 and amended Pub. L. 100–322, title IV, § 415(b)(1)(A) –(C), (5), May 20, 1988
      , 102 Stat. 550 , 551; Pub. L. 101–237, title III , §§ 304(b), 307–308(b)(1), 313(b)(1), (2), Dec.
      18, 1989 , 103 Stat. 2073–2075 , 2077; Pub. L. 102–54 , §§ 1, 3(a), 14(g)(1), June 13, 1991 , 105
      Stat. 267 , 288; renumbered § 3732 and amended Pub. L. 102–83, § 5(a) , (c)(1), Aug. 6, 1991 , 105
      Stat. 406 ; Pub. L. 103–66, title XII, § 12006(a) , Aug. 10, 1993 , 107 Stat. 414 ; Pub. L. 103–446,
      title IX, § 907 , Nov. 2, 1994 , 108 Stat. 4677 ; Pub. L. 105–33, title VIII, § 8013 , Aug. 5, 1997
      , 111 Stat. 664 ; Pub. L. 106–419, title IV, § 402(c) , Nov. 1, 2000 , 114 Stat. 1863 ; Pub. L.
      107–103, title IV, § 405(d) , Dec. 27, 2001 , 115 Stat. 994 ; Pub. L. 108–183, title IV, § 406 ,
      Dec. 16, 2003 , 117 Stat. 2666 ; Pub. L. 109–233, title V, § 503(9) , June 15, 2006 , 120 Stat.
      416 ; Pub. L. 111–275, title VIII, § 802(a) , Oct. 13, 2010 , 124 Stat. 2888 ; Pub. L. 112–191,
      title II, § 201 , Oct. 5, 2012 , 126 Stat. 1439 ; Pub. L. 113–37, § 2(h) , Sept. 30, 2013 , 127
      Stat. 525 ; Pub. L. 113–175, title III, § 302 , Sept. 26, 2014 , 128 Stat. 1904 ; Pub. L. 114–58,
      title II, § 202 , Sept. 30, 2015 , 129 Stat. 533 ; Pub. L. 114–228, title II, § 202 , Sept. 29,
      2016 , 130 Stat. 938 ; Pub. L. 115–62, title II, § 201 , Sept. 29, 2017 , 131 Stat. 1162 ; Pub.
      L. 115–251, title I, § 124 , Sept. 29, 2018 , 132 Stat. 3169 ; Pub. L. 119–31, § 2(a) , July 30,
      2025 , 139 Stat. 475 .)
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 38 U.S.C. §3732 from Cornell LII snapshot 6bfcd3949c1c50a5;
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  judgment: false
