source:
  type: regulation
  id: fha-42usc-3613
  authority: Fair Housing Act (42 U.S.C.) § 3613 — Enforcement by private persons
  description: 'Fair Housing Act (42 U.S.C.), §3613 Enforcement by private persons. Captured section-complete from
    Cornell LII (verbatim).

    '
obligations:
- id: fha-42usc-3613-a
  canonical_id: fha-42usc-3613-a
  section: 42 U.S.C. §3613(a)
  description: 'Enforcement by private persons — (a): (a) Civil action (1) (A) An aggrieved person may commence
    a civil action in an appropriate United States district court or State court not later than 2 years after the
    occurrence or the termination of an alleged discriminatory housing practice , or the breach of a conciliation
    agreement entered into…'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - gap-fill
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: Fair Housing Act (42 U.S.C.) § 3613
    source_class: usc-statute-lii
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/3613
    snapshot_id: d8c7daece5058e0e
    fetched_at: '2026-06-18T00:00:00+00:00'
    content_hash: sha256:b6933b0c3cd118368c7aa2b8e22ebf6c993b83befb1fda316b6c16c6fea501c3
    paragraph_quote: (a) Civil action (1) (A) An aggrieved person may commence a civil action in an appropriate
      United States district court or State court not later than 2 years after the occurrence or the termination
      of an alleged discriminatory housing practice , or the breach of a conciliation agreement entered into under
      this subchapter, whichever occurs last, to obtain appropriate relief with respect to such discriminatory housing
      practice or breach. (B) The computation of such 2-year period shall not include any time during which an administrative
      proceeding under this subchapter was pending with respect to a complaint or charge under this subchapter based
      upon such discriminatory housing practice . This subparagraph does not apply to actions arising from a breach
      of a conciliation agreement. (2) An aggrieved person may commence a civil action under this subsection whether
      or not a complaint has been filed under section 3610(a) of this title and without regard to the status of
      any such complaint, but if the Secretary or a State or local agency has obtained a conciliation agreement
      with the consent of an aggrieved person, no action may be filed under this subsection by such aggrieved person
      with respect to the alleged discriminatory housing practice which forms the basis for such complaint except
      for the purpose of enforcing the terms of such an agreement. (3) An aggrieved person may not commence a civil
      action under this subsection with respect to an alleged discriminatory housing practice which forms the basis
      of a charge issued by the Secretary if an administrative law judge has commenced a hearing on the record under
      this subchapter with respect to such charge.
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim slice of 42 U.S.C. §3613 subsection (a) from Cornell LII snapshot d8c7daece5058e0e;
      body isolated between nav and Editorial/Statutory Notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: fha-42usc-3613-b
  canonical_id: fha-42usc-3613-b
  section: 42 U.S.C. §3613(b)
  description: 'Enforcement by private persons — (b): (b) Appointment of attorney by court Upon application by a
    person alleging a discriminatory housing practice or a person against whom such a practice is alleged, the court
    may— (1) appoint an attorney for such person ; or (2) authorize the commencement or continuation of a civil
    action under subsect…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - gap-fill
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: Fair Housing Act (42 U.S.C.) § 3613
    source_class: usc-statute-lii
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/3613
    snapshot_id: d8c7daece5058e0e
    fetched_at: '2026-06-18T00:00:00+00:00'
    content_hash: sha256:b6933b0c3cd118368c7aa2b8e22ebf6c993b83befb1fda316b6c16c6fea501c3
    paragraph_quote: (b) Appointment of attorney by court Upon application by a person alleging a discriminatory
      housing practice or a person against whom such a practice is alleged, the court may— (1) appoint an attorney
      for such person ; or (2) authorize the commencement or continuation of a civil action under subsection (a)
      without the payment of fees, costs, or security, if in the opinion of the court such person is financially
      unable to bear the costs of such action.
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim slice of 42 U.S.C. §3613 subsection (b) from Cornell LII snapshot d8c7daece5058e0e;
      body isolated between nav and Editorial/Statutory Notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: fha-42usc-3613-c
  canonical_id: fha-42usc-3613-c
  section: 42 U.S.C. §3613(c)
  description: 'Enforcement by private persons — (c): (c) Relief which may be granted (1) In a civil action under
    subsection (a), if the court finds that a discriminatory housing practice has occurred or is about to occur,
    the court may award to the plaintiff actual and punitive damages, and subject to subsection (d), may grant as
    relief, as the court …'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - gap-fill
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: Fair Housing Act (42 U.S.C.) § 3613
    source_class: usc-statute-lii
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/3613
    snapshot_id: d8c7daece5058e0e
    fetched_at: '2026-06-18T00:00:00+00:00'
    content_hash: sha256:b6933b0c3cd118368c7aa2b8e22ebf6c993b83befb1fda316b6c16c6fea501c3
    paragraph_quote: (c) Relief which may be granted (1) In a civil action under subsection (a), if the court finds
      that a discriminatory housing practice has occurred or is about to occur, the court may award to the plaintiff
      actual and punitive damages, and subject to subsection (d), may grant as relief, as the court deems appropriate,
      any permanent or temporary injunction, temporary restraining order, or other order (including an order enjoining
      the defendant from engaging in such practice or ordering such affirmative action as may be appropriate). (2)
      In a civil action under subsection (a), the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party , other
      than the United States, a reasonable attorney’s fee and costs. The United States shall be liable for such
      fees and costs to the same extent as a private person.
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim slice of 42 U.S.C. §3613 subsection (c) from Cornell LII snapshot d8c7daece5058e0e;
      body isolated between nav and Editorial/Statutory Notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: fha-42usc-3613-d
  canonical_id: fha-42usc-3613-d
  section: 42 U.S.C. §3613(d)
  description: 'Enforcement by private persons — (d): (d) Effect on certain sales, encumbrances, and rentals Relief
    granted under this section shall not affect any contract, sale, encumbrance, or lease consummated before the
    granting of such relief and involving a bona fide purchaser, encumbrancer, or tenant, without actual notice
    of the filing of a co…'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - gap-fill
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: Fair Housing Act (42 U.S.C.) § 3613
    source_class: usc-statute-lii
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/3613
    snapshot_id: d8c7daece5058e0e
    fetched_at: '2026-06-18T00:00:00+00:00'
    content_hash: sha256:b6933b0c3cd118368c7aa2b8e22ebf6c993b83befb1fda316b6c16c6fea501c3
    paragraph_quote: (d) Effect on certain sales, encumbrances, and rentals Relief granted under this section shall
      not affect any contract, sale, encumbrance, or lease consummated before the granting of such relief and involving
      a bona fide purchaser, encumbrancer, or tenant, without actual notice of the filing of a complaint with the
      Secretary or civil action under this subchapter.
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim slice of 42 U.S.C. §3613 subsection (d) from Cornell LII snapshot d8c7daece5058e0e;
      body isolated between nav and Editorial/Statutory Notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: fha-42usc-3613-e
  canonical_id: fha-42usc-3613-e
  section: 42 U.S.C. §3613(e)
  description: 'Enforcement by private persons — (e): (e) Intervention by Attorney General Upon timely application,
    the Attorney General may intervene in such civil action, if the Attorney General certifies that the case is
    of general public importance. Upon such intervention the Attorney General may obtain such relief as would be
    available to the Atto…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - gap-fill
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: Fair Housing Act (42 U.S.C.) § 3613
    source_class: usc-statute-lii
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/3613
    snapshot_id: d8c7daece5058e0e
    fetched_at: '2026-06-18T00:00:00+00:00'
    content_hash: sha256:b6933b0c3cd118368c7aa2b8e22ebf6c993b83befb1fda316b6c16c6fea501c3
    paragraph_quote: (e) Intervention by Attorney General Upon timely application, the Attorney General may intervene
      in such civil action, if the Attorney General certifies that the case is of general public importance. Upon
      such intervention the Attorney General may obtain such relief as would be available to the Attorney General
      under section 3614(e) of this title in a civil action to which such section applies. ( Pub. L. 90–284, title
      VIII, § 813 , as added Pub. L. 100–430, § 8(2) , Sept. 13, 1988 , 102 Stat. 1633 .)
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim slice of 42 U.S.C. §3613 subsection (e) from Cornell LII snapshot d8c7daece5058e0e;
      body isolated between nav and Editorial/Statutory Notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
