source:
  type: regulation
  id: tcpa-47usc-227
  authority: 47 USC § 227 — Restrictions on use of telephone equipment
  description: 'TCPA''s operative restrictions on automated and prerecorded calls.

    Mortgage relevance is acute for default-collections and marketing

    calls. Key duties: no autodialed or artificial/prerecorded calls to

    cell phones without prior express consent (§227(b)(1)(A)(iii)); no

    prerecorded calls to residential lines without prior express consent

    (§227(b)(1)(B)); no unsolicited fax advertisements (§227(b)(1)(C));

    and Do Not Call registry compliance for telephone solicitations

    (§227(c)). Penalties are statutory ($500-$1,500 per call) with class-

    action exposure.

    '
obligations:
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-a
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-a
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(a)
  description: '(a): (a) Definitions As used in this section— (1) The term “ automatic telephone dialing
    system ” means equipment which has the capacity— (A) to store or produce telephone numbers to be called,
    using a random or sequential number generator; and (B) to dial such numbers. (2) The term “ established
    busines…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (a) Definitions As used in this section— (1) The term “ automatic telephone dialing
      system ” means equipment which has the capacity— (A) to store or produce telephone numbers to be
      called, using a random or sequential number generator; and (B) to dial such numbers. (2) The term
      “ established business relationship ”, for purposes only of subsection (b)(1)(C)(i), shall have
      the meaning given the term in section 64.1200 of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect
      on January 1, 2003 , except that— (A) such term shall include a relationship between a person or
      entity and a business subscriber subject to the same terms applicable under such section to a relationship
      between a person or entity and a residential subscriber; and (B) an established business relationship
      shall be subject to any time limitation established pursuant to paragraph (2)(G)). [1] (3) The term
      “ telephone facsimile machine ” means equipment which has the capacity (A) to transcribe text or
      images, or both, from paper into an electronic signal and to transmit that signal over a regular
      telephone line, or (B) to transcribe text or images (or both) from an electronic signal received
      over a regular telephone line onto paper. (4) The term “ telephone solicitation ” means the initiation
      of a telephone call or message for the purpose of encouraging the purchase or rental of, or investment
      in, property, goods, or services, which is transmitted to any person, but such term does not include
      a call or message (A) to any person with that person’ s prior express invitation or permission,
      (B) to any person with whom the caller has an established business relationship , or (C) by a tax
      exempt nonprofit organization. (5) The term “ unsolicited advertisement ” means any material advertising
      the commercial availability or quality of any property, goods, or services which is transmitted
      to any person without that person’ s prior express invitation or permission, in writing or otherwise.
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-b
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-b
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(b)
  description: '(b): (b) Restrictions on use of automated telephone equipment (1) Prohibitions It shall
    be unlawful for any person within the United States , or any person outside the United States if the
    recipient is within the United States — (A) to make any call (other than a call made for emergency
    purposes or made …'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (b) Restrictions on use of automated telephone equipment (1) Prohibitions It shall
      be unlawful for any person within the United States , or any person outside the United States if
      the recipient is within the United States — (A) to make any call (other than a call made for emergency
      purposes or made with the prior express consent of the called party) using any automatic telephone
      dialing system or an artificial or prerecorded voice—
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) to any emergency telephone line (including any “911” line and any emergency line
    of a hospital, medical physician or service office, health care facility, poison control center, or
    fire protection or law enforcement agency); (ii) to the telephone line of any guest room or patient
    room of a hospi…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) to any emergency telephone line (including any “911” line and any emergency line
      of a hospital, medical physician or service office, health care facility, poison control center,
      or fire protection or law enforcement agency); (ii) to the telephone line of any guest room or patient
      room of a hospital, health care facility, elderly home, or similar establishment; or (iii) to any
      telephone number assigned to a paging service, cellular telephone service, specialized mobile radio
      service, or other radio common carrier service, or any service for which the called party is charged
      for the call, unless such call is made solely to collect a debt owed to or guaranteed by the United
      States; (B) to initiate any telephone call to any residential telephone line using an artificial
      or prerecorded voice to deliver a message without the prior express consent of the called party,
      unless the call is initiated for emergency purposes, is made solely pursuant to the collection of
      a debt owed to or guaranteed by the United States , or is exempted by rule or order by the Commission
      under paragraph (2)(B); (C) to use any telephone facsimile machine , computer, or other device to
      send, to a telephone facsimile machine , an unsolicited advertisement, unless—
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) the unsolicited advertisement is from a sender with an established business relationship
    with the recipient; (ii) the sender obtained the number of the telephone facsimile machine through—
    (I) the voluntary communication of such number, within the context of such established business relationshi…'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) the unsolicited advertisement is from a sender with an established business relationship
      with the recipient; (ii) the sender obtained the number of the telephone facsimile machine through—
      (I) the voluntary communication of such number, within the context of such established business
      relationship , from the recipient of the unsolicited advertisement, or (II) a directory, advertisement,
      or site on the Internet to which the recipient voluntarily agreed to make available its facsimile
      number for public distribution, except that this clause shall not apply in the case of an unsolicited
      advertisement that is sent based on an established business relationship with the recipient that
      was in existence before July 9, 2005 , if the sender possessed the facsimile machine number of the
      recipient before July 9, 2005 ; and (iii) the unsolicited advertisement contains a notice meeting
      the requirements under paragraph (2)(D), except that the exception under clauses (i) and (ii) shall
      not apply with respect to an unsolicited advertisement sent to a telephone facsimile machine by
      a sender to whom a request has been made not to send future unsolicited advertisements to such telephone
      facsimile machine that complies with the requirements under paragraph (2)(E); or (D) to use an automatic
      telephone dialing system in such a way that two or more telephone lines of a multi-line business
      are engaged simultaneously. (2) Regulations; exemptions and other provisions The Commission shall
      prescribe regulations to implement the requirements of this subsection. In implementing the requirements
      of this subsection, the Commission — (A) shall consider prescribing regulations to allow businesses
      to avoid receiving calls made using an artificial or prerecorded voice to which they have not given
      their prior express consent; (B) may, by rule or order, exempt from the requirements of paragraph
      (1)(B) of this subsection, subject to such conditions as the Commission may prescribe—
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) calls that are not made for a commercial purpose; and (ii) such classes or categories
    of calls made for commercial purposes as the Commission determines— (I) will not adversely affect
    the privacy rights that this section is intended to protect; and (II) do not include the transmission
    of any uns…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) calls that are not made for a commercial purpose; and (ii) such classes or categories
      of calls made for commercial purposes as the Commission determines— (I) will not adversely affect
      the privacy rights that this section is intended to protect; and (II) do not include the transmission
      of any unsolicited advertisement ; (C) may, by rule or order, exempt from the requirements of paragraph
      (1)(A)(iii) of this subsection calls to a telephone number assigned to a cellular telephone service
      that are not charged to the called party, subject to such conditions as the Commission may prescribe
      as necessary in the interest of the privacy rights this section is intended to protect; (D) shall
      provide that a notice contained in an unsolicited advertisement complies with the requirements under
      this subparagraph only if—
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) the notice is clear and conspicuous and on the first page of the unsolicited
    advertisement ; (ii) the notice states that the recipient may make a request to the sender of the
    unsolicited advertisement not to send any future unsolicited advertisements to a telephone facsimile
    machine or machines …'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) the notice is clear and conspicuous and on the first page of the unsolicited
      advertisement ; (ii) the notice states that the recipient may make a request to the sender of the
      unsolicited advertisement not to send any future unsolicited advertisements to a telephone facsimile
      machine or machines and that failure to comply, within the shortest reasonable time, as determined
      by the Commission, with such a request meeting the requirements under subparagraph (E) is unlawful;
      (iii) the notice sets forth the requirements for a request under subparagraph (E); (iv) the notice
      includes— (I) a domestic contact telephone and facsimile machine number for the recipient to transmit
      such a request to the sender; and (II) a cost-free mechanism for a recipient to transmit a request
      pursuant to such notice to the sender of the unsolicited advertisement ; the Commission shall by
      rule require the sender to provide such a mechanism and may, in the discretion of the Commission
      and subject to such conditions as the Commission may prescribe, exempt certain classes of small
      business senders, but only if the Commission determines that the costs to such class are unduly
      burdensome given the revenues generated by such small businesses;
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-v
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-v
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(v)
  description: '(v): (v) the telephone and facsimile machine numbers and the cost-free mechanism set forth
    pursuant to clause (iv) permit an individual or business to make such a request at any time on any
    day of the week; and (vi) the notice complies with the requirements of subsection (d); (E) shall provide,
    by rule, …'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (v) the telephone and facsimile machine numbers and the cost-free mechanism set forth
      pursuant to clause (iv) permit an individual or business to make such a request at any time on any
      day of the week; and (vi) the notice complies with the requirements of subsection (d); (E) shall
      provide, by rule, that a request not to send future unsolicited advertisements to a telephone facsimile
      machine complies with the requirements under this subparagraph only if—
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) the request identifies the telephone number or numbers of the telephone facsimile
    machine or machines to which the request relates; (ii) the request is made to the telephone or facsimile
    number of the sender of such an unsolicited advertisement provided pursuant to subparagraph (D)(iv)
    or by any…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) the request identifies the telephone number or numbers of the telephone facsimile
      machine or machines to which the request relates; (ii) the request is made to the telephone or facsimile
      number of the sender of such an unsolicited advertisement provided pursuant to subparagraph (D)(iv)
      or by any other method of communication as determined by the Commission; and (iii) the person making
      the request has not, subsequent to such request, provided express invitation or permission to the
      sender, in writing or otherwise, to send such advertisements to such person at such telephone facsimile
      machine ; (F) may, in the discretion of the Commission and subject to such conditions as the Commission
      may prescribe, allow professional or trade associations that are tax-exempt nonprofit organizations
      to send unsolicited advertisements to their members in furtherance of the association’s tax-exempt
      purpose that do not contain the notice required by paragraph (1)(C)(iii), except that the Commission
      may take action under this subparagraph only—
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) by regulation issued after public notice and opportunity for public comment;
    and (ii) if the Commission determines that such notice required by paragraph (1)(C)(iii) is not necessary
    to protect the ability of the members of such associations to stop such associations from sending
    any future unso…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) by regulation issued after public notice and opportunity for public comment;
      and (ii) if the Commission determines that such notice required by paragraph (1)(C)(iii) is not
      necessary to protect the ability of the members of such associations to stop such associations from
      sending any future unsolicited advertisements ; (G)
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) may, consistent with clause (ii), limit the duration of the existence of an established
    business relationship , however, before establishing any such limits, the Commission shall— (I) determine
    whether the existence of the exception under paragraph (1)(C) relating to an established business
    rela…'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) may, consistent with clause (ii), limit the duration of the existence of an established
      business relationship , however, before establishing any such limits, the Commission shall— (I)
      determine whether the existence of the exception under paragraph (1)(C) relating to an established
      business relationship has resulted in a significant number of complaints to the Commission regarding
      the sending of unsolicited advertisements to telephone facsimile machines; (II) determine whether
      a significant number of any such complaints involve unsolicited advertisements that were sent on
      the basis of an established business relationship that was longer in duration than the Commission
      believes is consistent with the reasonable expectations of consumers; (III) evaluate the costs to
      senders of demonstrating the existence of an established business relationship within a specified
      period of time and the benefits to recipients of establishing a limitation on such established business
      relationship ; and (IV) determine whether with respect to small businesses, the costs would not
      be unduly burdensome; and (ii) may not commence a proceeding to determine whether to limit the duration
      of the existence of an established business relationship before the expiration of the 3-month period
      that begins on July 9, 2005 ; (H) may restrict or limit the number and duration of calls made to
      a telephone number assigned to a cellular telephone service to collect a debt owed to or guaranteed
      by the United States ; and (I) shall ensure that any exemption under subparagraph (B) or (C) contains
      requirements for calls made in reliance on the exemption with respect to—
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) the classes of parties that may make such calls; (ii) the classes of parties
    that may be called; and (iii) the number of such calls that a calling party may make to a particular
    called party. (3) Private right of action A person or entity may, if otherwise permitted by the laws
    or rules of court…'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) the classes of parties that may make such calls; (ii) the classes of parties
      that may be called; and (iii) the number of such calls that a calling party may make to a particular
      called party. (3) Private right of action A person or entity may, if otherwise permitted by the
      laws or rules of court of a State, bring in an appropriate court of that State— (A) an action based
      on a violation of this subsection or the regulations prescribed under this subsection to enjoin
      such violation, (B) an action to recover for actual monetary loss from such a violation, or to receive
      $500 in damages for each such violation, whichever is greater, or (C) both such actions. If the
      court finds that the defendant willfully or knowingly violated this subsection or the regulations
      prescribed under this subsection, the court may, in its discretion, increase the amount of the award
      to an amount equal to not more than 3 times the amount available under subparagraph (B) of this
      paragraph. (4) Civil forfeiture (A) In general Any person that is determined by the Commission ,
      in accordance with paragraph (3) or (4) of section 503(b) of this title , to have violated this
      subsection shall be liable to the United States for a forfeiture penalty pursuant to section 503(b)(1)
      of this title . Paragraph (5) of section 503(b) of this title shall not apply in the case of a violation
      of this subsection. A forfeiture penalty under this subparagraph shall be in addition to any other
      penalty provided for by this chapter. The amount of the forfeiture penalty determined under this
      subparagraph shall be determined in accordance with subparagraphs (A) through (F) of section 503(b)(2)
      of this title . (B) Violation with intent Any person that is determined by the Commission , in accordance
      with paragraph (3) or (4) of section 503(b) of this title , to have violated this subsection with
      the intent to cause such violation shall be liable to the United States for a forfeiture penalty
      pursuant to section 503(b)(1) of this title . Paragraph (5) of section 503(b) of this title shall
      not apply in the case of a violation of this subsection. A forfeiture penalty under this subparagraph
      shall be in addition to any other penalty provided for by this chapter. The amount of the forfeiture
      penalty determined under this subparagraph shall be equal to an amount determined in accordance
      with subparagraphs (A) through (F) of section 503(b)(2) of this title plus an additional penalty
      not to exceed $10,000. (C) Recovery Any forfeiture penalty determined under subparagraph (A) or
      (B) shall be recoverable under section 504(a) of this title . (D) Procedure No forfeiture liability
      shall be determined under subparagraph (A) or (B) against any person unless such person receives
      the notice required by section 503(b)(3) of this title or section 503(b)(4) of this title . (E)
      Statute of limitations Notwithstanding paragraph (6) of section 503(b) of this title , no forfeiture
      penalty shall be determined or imposed against any person—
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) under subparagraph (A) if the violation charged occurred more than 1 year prior
    to the date of issuance of the required notice or notice of apparent liability; or (ii) under subparagraph
    (B) if the violation charged occurred more than 4 years prior to the date of issuance of the required
    notice …'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) under subparagraph (A) if the violation charged occurred more than 1 year prior
      to the date of issuance of the required notice or notice of apparent liability; or (ii) under subparagraph
      (B) if the violation charged occurred more than 4 years prior to the date of issuance of the required
      notice or notice of apparent liability. (F) Rule of construction Notwithstanding any law to the
      contrary, the Commission may not determine or impose a forfeiture penalty on a person under both
      subparagraphs (A) and (B) based on the same conduct.
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-c
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-c
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(c)
  description: '(c): (c) Protection of subscriber privacy rights (1) Rulemaking proceeding required Within
    120 days after December 20, 1991 , the Commission shall initiate a rulemaking proceeding concerning
    the need to protect residential telephone subscribers’ privacy rights to avoid receiving telephone
    solicitations t…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (c) Protection of subscriber privacy rights (1) Rulemaking proceeding required Within
      120 days after December 20, 1991 , the Commission shall initiate a rulemaking proceeding concerning
      the need to protect residential telephone subscribers’ privacy rights to avoid receiving telephone
      solicitations to which they object. The proceeding shall— (A) compare and evaluate alternative methods
      and procedures (including the use of electronic databases, telephone network technologies, special
      directory markings, industry-based or company-specific “do not call” systems, and any other alternatives,
      individually or in combination) for their effectiveness in protecting such privacy rights, and in
      terms of their cost and other advantages and disadvantages; (B) evaluate the categories of public
      and private entities that would have the capacity to establish and administer such methods and procedures;
      (C) consider whether different methods and procedures may apply for local telephone solicitations
      , such as local telephone solicitations of small businesses or holders of second class mail permits;
      (D) consider whether there is a need for additional Commission authority to further restrict telephone
      solicitations , including those calls exempted under subsection (a)(3) of this section, and, if
      such a finding is made and supported by the record, propose specific restrictions to the Congress
      ; and (E) develop proposed regulations to implement the methods and procedures that the Commission
      determines are most effective and efficient to accomplish the purposes of this section. (2) Regulations
      Not later than 9 months after December 20, 1991 , the Commission shall conclude the rulemaking proceeding
      initiated under paragraph (1) and shall prescribe regulations to implement methods and procedures
      for protecting the privacy rights described in such paragraph in an efficient, effective, and economic
      manner and without the imposition of any additional charge to telephone subscribers. (3) Use of
      database permitted The regulations required by paragraph (2) may require the establishment and operation
      of a single national database to compile a list of telephone numbers of residential subscribers
      who object to receiving telephone solicitations , and to make that compiled list and parts thereof
      available for purchase. If the Commission determines to require such a database, such regulations
      shall— (A) specify a method by which the Commission will select an entity to administer such database;
      (B) require each common carrier providing telephone exchange service , in accordance with regulations
      prescribed by the Commission, to inform subscribers for telephone exchange service of the opportunity
      to provide notification, in accordance with regulations established under this paragraph, that such
      subscriber objects to receiving telephone solicitations ; (C) specify the methods by which each
      telephone subscriber shall be informed, by the common carrier that provides local exchange service
      to that subscriber, of (i) the subscriber’s right to give or revoke a notification of an objection
      under subparagraph (A), and (ii) the methods by which such right may be exercised by the subscriber;
      (D) specify the methods by which such objections shall be collected and added to the database; (E)
      prohibit any residential subscriber from being charged for giving or revoking such notification
      or for being included in a database compiled under this section; (F) prohibit any person from making
      or transmitting a telephone solicitation to the telephone number of any subscriber included in such
      database; (G) specify (i) the methods by which any person desiring to make or transmit telephone
      solicitations will obtain access to the database, by area code or local exchange prefix, as required
      to avoid calling the telephone numbers of subscribers included in such database; and (ii) the costs
      to be recovered from such persons; (H) specify the methods for recovering, from persons accessing
      such database, the costs involved in identifying, collecting, updating, disseminating, and selling,
      and other activities relating to, the operations of the database that are incurred by the entities
      carrying out those activities; (I) specify the frequency with which such database will be updated
      and specify the method by which such updating will take effect for purposes of compliance with the
      regulations prescribed under this subsection; (J) be designed to enable States to use the database
      mechanism selected by the Commission for purposes of administering or enforcing State law; (K) prohibit
      the use of such database for any purpose other than compliance with the requirements of this section
      and any such State law and specify methods for protection of the privacy rights of persons whose
      numbers are included in such database; and (L) require each common carrier providing services to
      any person for the purpose of making telephone solicitations to notify such person of the requirements
      of this section and the regulations thereunder. (4) Considerations required for use of database
      method If the Commission determines to require the database mechanism described in paragraph (3),
      the Commission shall— (A) in developing procedures for gaining access to the database, consider
      the different needs of telemarketers conducting business on a national, regional, State , or local
      level; (B) develop a fee schedule or price structure for recouping the cost of such database that
      recognizes such differences and—
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) reflect the relative costs of providing a national, regional, State , or local
    list of phone numbers of subscribers who object to receiving telephone solicitations ; (ii) reflect
    the relative costs of providing such lists on paper or electronic media; and (iii) not place an unreasonable
    financia…'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) reflect the relative costs of providing a national, regional, State , or local
      list of phone numbers of subscribers who object to receiving telephone solicitations ; (ii) reflect
      the relative costs of providing such lists on paper or electronic media; and (iii) not place an
      unreasonable financial burden on small businesses; and (C) consider (i) whether the needs of telemarketers
      operating on a local basis could be met through special markings of area white pages directories,
      and (ii) if such directories are needed as an adjunct to database lists prepared by area code and
      local exchange prefix. (5) Private right of action A person who has received more than one telephone
      call within any 12-month period by or on behalf of the same entity in violation of the regulations
      prescribed under this subsection may, if otherwise permitted by the laws or rules of court of a
      State bring in an appropriate court of that State— (A) an action based on a violation of the regulations
      prescribed under this subsection to enjoin such violation, (B) an action to recover for actual monetary
      loss from such a violation, or to receive up to $500 in damages for each such violation, whichever
      is greater, or (C) both such actions. It shall be an affirmative defense in any action brought under
      this paragraph that the defendant has established and implemented, with due care, reasonable practices
      and procedures to effectively prevent telephone solicitations in violation of the regulations prescribed
      under this subsection. If the court finds that the defendant willfully or knowingly violated the
      regulations prescribed under this subsection, the court may, in its discretion, increase the amount
      of the award to an amount equal to not more than 3 times the amount available under subparagraph
      (B) of this paragraph. (6) Relation to subsection (b) The provisions of this subsection shall not
      be construed to permit a communication prohibited by subsection (b).
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-d
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-d
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(d)
  description: '(d): (d) Technical and procedural standards (1) Prohibition It shall be unlawful for any
    person within the United States — (A) to initiate any communication using a telephone facsimile machine
    , or to make any telephone call using any automatic telephone dialing system , that does not comply
    with the tec…'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (d) Technical and procedural standards (1) Prohibition It shall be unlawful for any
      person within the United States — (A) to initiate any communication using a telephone facsimile
      machine , or to make any telephone call using any automatic telephone dialing system , that does
      not comply with the technical and procedural standards prescribed under this subsection, or to use
      any telephone facsimile machine or automatic telephone dialing system in a manner that does not
      comply with such standards; or (B) to use a computer or other electronic device to send any message
      via a telephone facsimile machine unless such person clearly marks, in a margin at the top or bottom
      of each transmitted page of the message or on the first page of the transmission, the date and time
      it is sent and an identification of the business, other entity, or individual sending the message
      and the telephone number of the sending machine or of such business, other entity, or individual.
      (2) Telephone facsimile machines The Commission shall revise the regulations setting technical and
      procedural standards for telephone facsimile machines to require that any such machine which is
      manufactured after one year after December 20, 1991 , clearly marks, in a margin at the top or bottom
      of each transmitted page or on the first page of each transmission, the date and time sent, an identification
      of the business, other entity, or individual sending the message, and the telephone number of the
      sending machine or of such business, other entity, or individual. (3) Artificial or prerecorded
      voice systems The Commission shall prescribe technical and procedural standards for systems that
      are used to transmit any artificial or prerecorded voice message via telephone. Such standards shall
      require that— (A) all artificial or prerecorded telephone messages (i) shall, at the beginning of
      the message, state clearly the identity of the business, individual, or other entity initiating
      the call, and (ii) shall, during or after the message, state clearly the telephone number or address
      of such business, other entity, or individual; and (B) any such system will automatically release
      the called party’s line within 5 seconds of the time notification is transmitted to the system that
      the called party has hung up, to allow the called party’s line to be used to make or receive other
      calls.
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-e
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-e
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(e)
  description: '(e): (e) Prohibition on provision of misleading or inaccurate caller identification information
    (1) In general It shall be unlawful for any person within the United States , or any person outside
    the United States if the recipient is within the United States , in connection with any voice service
    or text…'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (e) Prohibition on provision of misleading or inaccurate caller identification information
      (1) In general It shall be unlawful for any person within the United States , or any person outside
      the United States if the recipient is within the United States , in connection with any voice service
      or text messaging service , to cause any caller identification service to knowingly transmit misleading
      or inaccurate caller identification information with the intent to defraud, cause harm, or wrongfully
      obtain anything of value, unless such transmission is exempted pursuant to paragraph (3)(B). (2)
      Protection for blocking caller identification information Nothing in this subsection may be construed
      to prevent or restrict any person from blocking the capability of any caller identification service
      to transmit caller identification information . (3) Regulations (A) In general The Commission shall
      prescribe regulations to implement this subsection. (B) Content of regulations
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) In general The regulations required under subparagraph (A) shall include such
    exemptions from the prohibition under paragraph (1) as the Commission determines is appropriate. (ii)
    Specific exemption for law enforcement agencies or court orders The regulations required under subparagraph
    (A) shal…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) In general The regulations required under subparagraph (A) shall include such
      exemptions from the prohibition under paragraph (1) as the Commission determines is appropriate.
      (ii) Specific exemption for law enforcement agencies or court orders The regulations required under
      subparagraph (A) shall exempt from the prohibition under paragraph (1) transmissions in connection
      with— (I) any authorized activity of a law enforcement agency; or (II) a court order that specifically
      authorizes the use of caller identification manipulation. (4) Repealed. Pub. L. 115–141, div. P,
      title IV, § 402(i)(3) , Mar. 23, 2018 , 132 Stat. 1089 (5) Penalties (A) Civil forfeiture
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) In general Any person that is determined by the Commission , in accordance with
    paragraphs (3) and (4) of section 503(b) of this title , to have violated this subsection shall be
    liable to the United States for a forfeiture penalty. A forfeiture penalty under this paragraph shall
    be in addition …'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) In general Any person that is determined by the Commission , in accordance with
      paragraphs (3) and (4) of section 503(b) of this title , to have violated this subsection shall
      be liable to the United States for a forfeiture penalty. A forfeiture penalty under this paragraph
      shall be in addition to any other penalty provided for by this chapter. The amount of the forfeiture
      penalty determined under this paragraph shall not exceed $10,000 for each violation, or 3 times
      that amount for each day of a continuing violation, except that the amount assessed for any continuing
      violation shall not exceed a total of $1,000,000 for any single act or failure to act. (ii) Recovery
      Any forfeiture penalty determined under clause (i) shall be recoverable pursuant to section 504(a)
      of this title . Paragraph (5) of section 503(b) of this title shall not apply in the case of a violation
      of this subsection. (iii) Procedure No forfeiture liability shall be determined under clause (i)
      against any person unless such person receives the notice required by section 503(b)(3) of this
      title or section 503(b)(4) of this title . (iv) 4-year statute of limitations No forfeiture penalty
      shall be determined or imposed against any person under clause (i) if the violation charged occurred
      more than 4 years prior to the date of issuance of the required notice or notice or apparent liability.
      (B) Criminal fine Any person who willfully and knowingly violates this subsection shall upon conviction
      thereof be fined not more than $10,000 for each violation, or 3 times that amount for each day of
      a continuing violation, in lieu of the fine provided by section 501 of this title for such a violation.
      This subparagraph does not supersede the provisions of section 501 of this title relating to imprisonment
      or the imposition of a penalty of both fine and imprisonment. (6) Enforcement by States (A) In general
      The chief legal officer of a State , or any other State officer authorized by law to bring actions
      on behalf of the residents of a State , may bring a civil action, as parens patriae, on behalf of
      the residents of that State in an appropriate district court of the United States to enforce this
      subsection or to impose the civil penalties for violation of this subsection, whenever the chief
      legal officer or other State officer has reason to believe that the interests of the residents of
      the State have been or are being threatened or adversely affected by a violation of this subsection
      or a regulation under this subsection. (B) Notice The chief legal officer or other State officer
      shall serve written notice on the Commission of any civil action under subparagraph (A) prior to
      initiating such civil action. The notice shall include a copy of the complaint to be filed to initiate
      such civil action, except that if it is not feasible for the State to provide such prior notice,
      the State shall provide such notice immediately upon instituting such civil action. (C) Authority
      to intervene Upon receiving the notice required by subparagraph (B), the Commission shall have the
      right—
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) to intervene in the action; (ii) upon so intervening, to be heard on all matters
    arising therein; and (iii) to file petitions for appeal. (D) Construction For purposes of bringing
    any civil action under subparagraph (A), nothing in this paragraph shall prevent the chief legal officer
    or other St…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) to intervene in the action; (ii) upon so intervening, to be heard on all matters
      arising therein; and (iii) to file petitions for appeal. (D) Construction For purposes of bringing
      any civil action under subparagraph (A), nothing in this paragraph shall prevent the chief legal
      officer or other State officer from exercising the powers conferred on that officer by the laws
      of such State to conduct investigations or to administer oaths or affirmations or to compel the
      attendance of witnesses or the production of documentary and other evidence. (E) Venue; service
      or process
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) Venue An action brought under subparagraph (A) shall be brought in a district
    court of the United States that meets applicable requirements relating to venue under section 1391
    of title 28 . (ii) Service of process In an action brought under subparagraph (A)— (I) process may
    be served without re…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: '(i) Venue An action brought under subparagraph (A) shall be brought in a district
      court of the United States that meets applicable requirements relating to venue under section 1391
      of title 28 . (ii) Service of process In an action brought under subparagraph (A)— (I) process may
      be served without regard to the territorial limits of the district or of the State in which the
      action is instituted; and (II) a person who participated in an alleged violation that is being litigated
      in the civil action may be joined in the civil action without regard to the residence of the person
      . (7) Effect on other laws This subsection does not prohibit any lawfully authorized investigative,
      protective, or intelligence activity of a law enforcement agency of the United States , a State,
      or a political subdivision of a State, or of an intelligence agency of the United States . (8) Definitions
      For purposes of this subsection: (A) Caller identification information The term “ caller identification
      information ” means information provided by a caller identification service regarding the telephone
      number of, or other information regarding the origination of, a call made using a voice service
      or a text message sent using a text messaging service. (B) Caller identification service The term
      “ caller identification service ” means any service or device designed to provide the user of the
      service or device with the telephone number of, or other information regarding the origination of,
      a call made using a voice service or a text message sent using a text messaging service. Such term
      includes automatic number identification services. (C) Text message The term “ text message ”—'
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) means a message consisting of text, images, sounds, or other information that
    is transmitted to or from a device that is identified as the receiving or transmitting device by means
    of a 10-digit telephone number or N11 service code; (ii) includes a short message service (commonly
    referred to as …'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) means a message consisting of text, images, sounds, or other information that
      is transmitted to or from a device that is identified as the receiving or transmitting device by
      means of a 10-digit telephone number or N11 service code; (ii) includes a short message service
      (commonly referred to as “SMS”) message and a multimedia message service (commonly referred to as
      “MMS”) message; and (iii) does not include— (I) a real-time, two-way voice or video communication;
      or (II) a message sent over an IP-enabled messaging service to another user of the same messaging
      service, except a message described in clause (ii). (D) Text messaging service The term “ text messaging
      service ” means a service that enables the transmission or receipt of a text message, including
      a service provided as part of or in connection with a voice service. (E) Voice service The term
      “ voice service ”—
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) means any service that is interconnected with the public switched telephone network
    and that furnishes voice communications to an end user using resources from the North American Numbering
    Plan or any successor to the North American Numbering Plan adopted by the Commission under section
    251(e)(1…'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) means any service that is interconnected with the public switched telephone network
      and that furnishes voice communications to an end user using resources from the North American Numbering
      Plan or any successor to the North American Numbering Plan adopted by the Commission under section
      251(e)(1) of this title ; and (ii) includes transmissions from a telephone facsimile machine , computer,
      or other device to a telephone facsimile machine . (9) Limitation Notwithstanding any other provision
      of this section, subsection (f) shall not apply to this subsection or to the regulations under this
      subsection.
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-f
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-f
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(f)
  description: '(f): (f) Effect on State law (1) State law not preempted Except for the standards prescribed
    under subsection (d) and subject to paragraph (2) of this subsection, nothing in this section or in
    the regulations prescribed under this section shall preempt any State law that imposes more restrictive
    intrasta…'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (f) Effect on State law (1) State law not preempted Except for the standards prescribed
      under subsection (d) and subject to paragraph (2) of this subsection, nothing in this section or
      in the regulations prescribed under this section shall preempt any State law that imposes more restrictive
      intrastate requirements or regulations on, or which prohibits— (A) the use of telephone facsimile
      machines or other electronic devices to send unsolicited advertisements; (B) the use of automatic
      telephone dialing systems ; (C) the use of artificial or prerecorded voice messages; or (D) the
      making of telephone solicitations . (2) State use of databases If, pursuant to subsection (c)(3),
      the Commission requires the establishment of a single national database of telephone numbers of
      subscribers who object to receiving telephone solicitations , a State or local authority may not,
      in its regulation of telephone solicitations , require the use of any database, list, or listing
      system that does not include the part of such single national database that relates to such State.
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-g
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-g
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(g)
  description: '(g): (g) Actions by States (1) Authority of States Whenever the attorney general of a
    State, or an official or agency designated by a State, has reason to believe that any person has engaged
    or is engaging in a pattern or practice of telephone calls or other transmissions to residents of
    that State in vi…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (g) Actions by States (1) Authority of States Whenever the attorney general of a
      State, or an official or agency designated by a State, has reason to believe that any person has
      engaged or is engaging in a pattern or practice of telephone calls or other transmissions to residents
      of that State in violation of this section or the regulations prescribed under this section, the
      State may bring a civil action on behalf of its residents to enjoin such calls, an action to recover
      for actual monetary loss or receive $500 in damages for each violation, or both such actions. If
      the court finds the defendant willfully or knowingly violated such regulations, the court may, in
      its discretion, increase the amount of the award to an amount equal to not more than 3 times the
      amount available under the preceding sentence. (2) Exclusive jurisdiction of Federal courts The
      district courts of the United States , the United States courts of any territory, and the District
      Court of the United States for the District of Columbia shall have exclusive jurisdiction over all
      civil actions brought under this subsection. Upon proper application, such courts shall also have
      jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus, or orders affording like relief, commanding the defendant
      to comply with the provisions of this section or regulations prescribed under this section, including
      the requirement that the defendant take such action as is necessary to remove the danger of such
      violation. Upon a proper showing, a permanent or temporary injunction or restraining order shall
      be granted without bond. (3) Rights of Commission The State shall serve prior written notice of
      any such civil action upon the Commission and provide the Commission with a copy of its complaint,
      except in any case where such prior notice is not feasible, in which case the State shall serve
      such notice immediately upon instituting such action. The Commission shall have the right (A) to
      intervene in the action, (B) upon so intervening, to be heard on all matters arising therein, and
      (C) to file petitions for appeal. (4) Venue; service of process Any civil action brought under this
      subsection in a district court of the United States may be brought in the district wherein the defendant
      is found or is an inhabitant or transacts business or wherein the violation occurred or is occurring,
      and process in such cases may be served in any district in which the defendant is an inhabitant
      or where the defendant may be found. (5) Investigatory powers For purposes of bringing any civil
      action under this subsection, nothing in this section shall prevent the attorney general of a State,
      or an official or agency designated by a State, from exercising the powers conferred on the attorney
      general or such official by the laws of such State to conduct investigations or to administer oaths
      or affirmations or to compel the attendance of witnesses or the production of documentary and other
      evidence. (6) Effect on State court proceedings Nothing contained in this subsection shall be construed
      to prohibit an authorized State official from proceeding in State court on the basis of an alleged
      violation of any general civil or criminal statute of such State . (7) Limitation Whenever the Commission
      has instituted a civil action for violation of regulations prescribed under this section, no State
      may, during the pendency of such action instituted by the Commission , subsequently institute a
      civil action against any defendant named in the Commission ’s complaint for any violation as alleged
      in the Commission ’s complaint. (8) “Attorney general” defined As used in this subsection, the term
      “ attorney general ” means the chief legal officer of a State.
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-h
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-h
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(h)
  description: '(h): (h) Annual report to Congress on robocalls and transmission of misleading or inaccurate
    caller identification information (1) Report required Not later than 1 year after December 30, 2019
    , and annually thereafter, the Commission, after consultation with the Federal Trade Commission ,
    shall submit t…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: '(h) Annual report to Congress on robocalls and transmission of misleading or inaccurate
      caller identification information (1) Report required Not later than 1 year after December 30, 2019
      , and annually thereafter, the Commission, after consultation with the Federal Trade Commission
      , shall submit to Congress a report regarding enforcement by the Commission of subsections (b),
      (c), (d), and (e) during the preceding calendar year. (2) Matters for inclusion Each report required
      by paragraph (1) shall include the following: (A) The number of complaints received by the Commission
      during each of the preceding 5 calendar years, for each of the following categories:'
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) Complaints alleging that a consumer received a call in violation of subsection
    (b) or (c). (ii) Complaints alleging that a consumer received a call in violation of the standards
    prescribed under subsection (d). (iii) Complaints alleging that a consumer received a call in connection
    with which mi…'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) Complaints alleging that a consumer received a call in violation of subsection
      (b) or (c). (ii) Complaints alleging that a consumer received a call in violation of the standards
      prescribed under subsection (d). (iii) Complaints alleging that a consumer received a call in connection
      with which misleading or inaccurate caller identification information was transmitted in violation
      of subsection (e). (B) The number of citations issued by the Commission pursuant to section 503(b)
      of this title during the preceding calendar year to enforce subsection (d), and details of each
      such citation. (C) The number of notices of apparent liability issued by the Commission pursuant
      to section 503(b) of this title during the preceding calendar year to enforce subsections (b), (c),
      (d), and (e), and details of each such notice including any proposed forfeiture amount. (D) The
      number of final orders imposing forfeiture penalties issued pursuant to section 503(b) of this title
      during the preceding calendar year to enforce such subsections, and details of each such order including
      the forfeiture imposed. (E) The amount of forfeiture penalties or criminal fines collected, during
      the preceding calendar year, by the Commission or the Attorney General for violations of such subsections,
      and details of each case in which such a forfeiture penalty or criminal fine was collected. (F)
      Proposals for reducing the number of calls made in violation of such subsections. (G) An analysis
      of the contribution by providers of interconnected VoIP service and non-interconnected VoIP service
      that discount high-volume, unlawful, short-duration calls to the total number of calls made in violation
      of such subsections, and recommendations on how to address such contribution in order to decrease
      the total number of calls made in violation of such subsections. (3) No additional reporting required
      The Commission shall prepare the report required by paragraph (1) without requiring the provision
      of additional information from providers of telecommunications service or voice service (as defined
      in section 227b(a) of this title ).
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) Information sharing (1) In general Not later than 18 months after December 30,
    2019 , the Commission shall prescribe regulations to establish a process that streamlines the ways
    in which a private entity may voluntarily share with the Commission information relating to— (A) a
    call made or a text…'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) Information sharing (1) In general Not later than 18 months after December 30,
      2019 , the Commission shall prescribe regulations to establish a process that streamlines the ways
      in which a private entity may voluntarily share with the Commission information relating to— (A)
      a call made or a text message sent in violation of subsection (b); or (B) a call or text message
      for which misleading or inaccurate caller identification information was caused to be transmitted
      in violation of subsection (e). (2) Text message defined In this subsection, the term “ text message
      ” has the meaning given such term in subsection (e)(8).
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-j
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-j
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(j)
  description: '(j): (j) Robocall blocking service (1) In general Not later than 1 year after December
    30, 2019 , the Commission shall take a final agency action to ensure the robocall blocking services
    provided on an opt-out or opt-in basis pursuant to the Declaratory Ruling of the Commission in the
    matter of Advanced …'
  type: dont
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (j) Robocall blocking service (1) In general Not later than 1 year after December
      30, 2019 , the Commission shall take a final agency action to ensure the robocall blocking services
      provided on an opt-out or opt-in basis pursuant to the Declaratory Ruling of the Commission in the
      matter of Advanced Methods to Target and Eliminate Unlawful Robocalls (CG Docket No. 17–59; FCC
      19–51; adopted on June 6, 2019 )— (A) are provided with transparency and effective redress options
      for both—
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
- id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  canonical_id: tcpa-47usc-227-i
  section: 47 U.S.C. §227(i)
  description: '(i): (i) consumers; and (ii) callers; and [2] (B) are provided with no additional line
    item charge to consumers and no additional charge to callers for resolving complaints related to erroneously
    blocked calls; and (C) make all reasonable efforts to avoid blocking emergency public safety calls.
    (2) Text …'
  type: do
  tags:
  - regulator-direct
  - section-complete
  - usc-statute
  primary_source:
    tier: 1
    authority: 47 USC § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii)
    source_class: tcpa-statute
    source_url: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/227
    snapshot_id: b91b8972e80d89df
    fetched_at: '2026-05-24T19:33:25Z'
    content_hash: sha256:b91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89dfb91b8972e80d89df
    paragraph_quote: (i) consumers; and (ii) callers; and [2] (B) are provided with no additional line
      item charge to consumers and no additional charge to callers for resolving complaints related to
      erroneously blocked calls; and (C) make all reasonable efforts to avoid blocking emergency public
      safety calls. (2) Text message defined In this subsection, the term “ text message ” has the meaning
      given such term in subsection (e)(8). (June 19, 1934, ch. 652, title II, § 227, as added Pub. L.
      102–243, § 3(a) , Dec. 20, 1991 , 105 Stat. 2395 ; amended Pub. L. 102–556, title IV, § 402 , Oct.
      28, 1992 , 106 Stat. 4194 ; Pub. L. 103–414, title III, § 303(a)(11) , (12), Oct. 25, 1994 , 108
      Stat. 4294 ; Pub. L. 108–187, § 12 , Dec. 16, 2003 , 117 Stat. 2717 ; Pub. L. 109–21 , §§ 2(a)–(g),
      3, July 9, 2005 , 119 Stat. 359–362 ; Pub. L. 111–331, § 2 , Dec. 22, 2010 , 124 Stat. 3572 ; Pub.
      L. 114–74, title III, § 301(a) , Nov. 2, 2015 , 129 Stat. 588 ; Pub. L. 115–141, div. P, title IV,
      § 402(i)(3) , title V, § 503(a)(1)–(4)(A), Mar. 23, 2018 , 132 Stat. 1089 , 1091, 1092; Pub. L.
      116–105 , §§ 3(a), 8(a), 10(a), (b), Dec. 30, 2019 , 133 Stat. 3274 , 3283, 3284.) [1] So in original.
      Second closing parenthesis probably should not appear. [2] So in original. The word “and” probably
      should not appear.
    drafter_attestation: Verbatim subsection of 47 U.S.C. §227 from Cornell LII snapshot b91b8972e80d89df;
      body isolated between nav and notes; substring-verified.
  judgment: false
